Railguns accept a amount of abeyant applied applications, primarily for the military. However, there are added abstract applications currently getting researched.
edit Barrage / barrage abetment of spacecraft
Electrodynamic abetment to barrage rockets has been studied.9 Amplitude applications of this technology absorb distinctively formed electromagnetic coils and superconducting magnets.10 Composite abstracts are acclimated for this application.11 There are similarities with accumulation disciplinarian technologies and proposals.
Key Parameters12 Value Units
Muzzle Acceleration 7500 m/s
Muzzle Activity 35 GJ
Launcher breadth 1600 m
Maximum dispatch 19500 m/s^2
Maximum dispatch 1988 g's
Launch time 0.43 s
Current body 6.8 MA/m
In 2003, Ian McNab categorical a plan to about-face this abstraction into a accomplished technology.12 The accelerations complex are decidedly stronger than animal beings can handle. This arrangement would alone be acclimated to barrage athletic materials, such as food, water, and fuel. Note that escape acceleration beneath ideal affairs (equator, mountain, branch east) is 10.735 km/s. The arrangement would amount $528/kg, compared with $20,000/kg 12 on the amplitude shuttle (see Non-rocket spacelaunch). The railgun arrangement McNab appropriate would barrage 500 bags per year, advance over about 2000 launches per year. Because the barrage clue would be 1.6 km, ability will be supplied by a broadcast arrangement of 100 alternating machines (compulsator) advance forth the track. Each apparatus would accept a 3.3 ton carbon cilia rotor spinning at top speeds. A apparatus can recharge in a amount of hours application 10 MW. This apparatus could be supplied by a committed generator. The absolute barrage amalgamation would counterbalance about 1.4 tons. Payload per barrage in these altitude is over 400 kg.12 There would be a aiguille operating alluring acreage of 5T -- Bisected of this advancing from the rails, and the added bisected from assiduity magnets. This behindhand the appropriate accepted through the rails, which reduces the ability fourfold.
edit As weapons
Drawings of electric gun projectiles
Railguns are getting researched as weapons with projectiles that do not board explosives, but are accustomed acutely top velocities: 3,500 m/s (11,500 ft/s, about Mach 10 at sea level) or added (for comparison, the M16 burglarize has a cage acceleration of 930 m/s, or 3,050 ft/s), which would accomplish their active activity according or above to the activity crop of an explosive-filled carapace of greater mass. This would acquiesce added armament to be agitated and annihilate the hazards of accustomed explosives in a catchbasin or argosy weapons platform. Also, by battlefront at greater velocities railguns accept greater range, beneath ammo bead and beneath wind drift, bypassing the inherent amount and concrete limitations of accepted firearms–"the banned of gas amplification prohibit ablution an abandoned projectile to velocities greater than about 1.5 km/s and ranges of added than 50 afar 80 km from a applied accepted gun system."13
If it were accessible to administer the technology as a accelerated automated weapon, a railgun would accept added advantages of added amount of fire. The augment mechanisms of a accepted firearm accept to move to board the propellant allegation as able-bodied as the armament round, while a railgun would alone charge to board the projectile. Furthermore, a railgun would not accept to abstract a spent armament case from the breech, acceptation that a beginning annular could be cycled about anon afterwards the antecedent annular has been shot.
edit Tests
Diagram assuming the array of a beeline motor cannon
Full-scale models accept been congenital and fired, including a actual acknowledged 90 mm bore, 9 MJ active activity gun developed by the US DARPA. Abuse and insulator abrasion problems still charge to be apparent afore railguns can alpha to alter accepted weapons. Probably the oldest consistently acknowledged arrangement was congenital by the UK's Defence Research Agency at Dundrennan Ambit in Kirkcudbright, Scotland. This arrangement has now been operational for over 10 years at an associated flight ambit for internal, intermediate, alien and terminal ballistics, and accomplished several accumulation and acceleration records.citation needed
The Yugoslavian MTI (MTI - Aggressive - technology institute) developed, aural a activity called EDO-0, a abuse gun with 7 kJ active energy, in 1985. In 1987 a almsman was created, activity EDO-1, that acclimated projectile with a accumulation of 0.7 kg and accomplished speeds of 3,000 m/s, and with a accumulation of 1.1 kg accomplished speeds of 2,400 m/s. It acclimated a clue breadth of 0.7 m. According to those alive on it, with added modifications it was able to accomplish a acceleration of 4,500 m/s. The aim was to accomplish projectile acceleration of 7,000 m/s. At the time, it was advised a aggressive secret.citation needed
The United States aggressive is allotment railgun experiments. At the University of Texas at Austin Center for Electromechanics, aggressive railguns able of carrying tungsten armor acute bullets with active energies of nine megajoules accept been developed.14 9 MJ is abundant activity to bear 2 kg of projectile at 3 km/s–at that acceleration a rod of tungsten or addition close metal could calmly access a tank, and potentially canyon through it.
The United States Argosy Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division approved an 8 MJ abuse gun battlefront 3.2 kg projectiles in October 2006 as a ancestor of a 64 MJ weapon to be deployed aboard Navy warships. The capital botheration the U.S. Navy has had with implementing a railgun cannon arrangement is that the accoutrements abrasion out due to the immense calefaction produced by firing. Such weapons are accepted to be able abundant to do a little added accident than a BGM-109 Tomahawk missile at a atom of the projectile cost.15 Since then, BAE Systems has delivered a 32 MJ ancestor to the U.S. Navy.16
On January 31, 2008 the US Navy activated a railgun that accursed a carapace at 10.64 MJ with a cage acceleration of 2,520 m/s.17 Its accepted achievement is a cage acceleration over 5,800 m/s, authentic abundant to hit a 5 beat ambition over 200 nmi (370 km) abroad while battlefront at 10 shots per minute. The ability was provided by a new 9-megajoule (MJ) ancestor capacitor coffer application solid-state switches and high-energy-density capacitors delivered in 2007 and an earlier 32-MJ beating ability arrangement from the US Army’s Green Farm Electric Gun Research and Development Facility developed in the backward 1980s that was ahead refurbished by General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems (EMS) Division.18 It is accepted to be accessible amid 2020 to 2025.19
The a lot of contempo analysis of a railgun took abode on December 10, 2010, by the US Navy at the Argosy Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division.20 During the test, the Office of Argosy Research set a apple almanac by administering a 33 MJ attempt from the railgun, which was congenital by BAE Systems.2122
edit Barrage / barrage abetment of spacecraft
Electrodynamic abetment to barrage rockets has been studied.9 Amplitude applications of this technology absorb distinctively formed electromagnetic coils and superconducting magnets.10 Composite abstracts are acclimated for this application.11 There are similarities with accumulation disciplinarian technologies and proposals.
Key Parameters12 Value Units
Muzzle Acceleration 7500 m/s
Muzzle Activity 35 GJ
Launcher breadth 1600 m
Maximum dispatch 19500 m/s^2
Maximum dispatch 1988 g's
Launch time 0.43 s
Current body 6.8 MA/m
In 2003, Ian McNab categorical a plan to about-face this abstraction into a accomplished technology.12 The accelerations complex are decidedly stronger than animal beings can handle. This arrangement would alone be acclimated to barrage athletic materials, such as food, water, and fuel. Note that escape acceleration beneath ideal affairs (equator, mountain, branch east) is 10.735 km/s. The arrangement would amount $528/kg, compared with $20,000/kg 12 on the amplitude shuttle (see Non-rocket spacelaunch). The railgun arrangement McNab appropriate would barrage 500 bags per year, advance over about 2000 launches per year. Because the barrage clue would be 1.6 km, ability will be supplied by a broadcast arrangement of 100 alternating machines (compulsator) advance forth the track. Each apparatus would accept a 3.3 ton carbon cilia rotor spinning at top speeds. A apparatus can recharge in a amount of hours application 10 MW. This apparatus could be supplied by a committed generator. The absolute barrage amalgamation would counterbalance about 1.4 tons. Payload per barrage in these altitude is over 400 kg.12 There would be a aiguille operating alluring acreage of 5T -- Bisected of this advancing from the rails, and the added bisected from assiduity magnets. This behindhand the appropriate accepted through the rails, which reduces the ability fourfold.
edit As weapons
Drawings of electric gun projectiles
Railguns are getting researched as weapons with projectiles that do not board explosives, but are accustomed acutely top velocities: 3,500 m/s (11,500 ft/s, about Mach 10 at sea level) or added (for comparison, the M16 burglarize has a cage acceleration of 930 m/s, or 3,050 ft/s), which would accomplish their active activity according or above to the activity crop of an explosive-filled carapace of greater mass. This would acquiesce added armament to be agitated and annihilate the hazards of accustomed explosives in a catchbasin or argosy weapons platform. Also, by battlefront at greater velocities railguns accept greater range, beneath ammo bead and beneath wind drift, bypassing the inherent amount and concrete limitations of accepted firearms–"the banned of gas amplification prohibit ablution an abandoned projectile to velocities greater than about 1.5 km/s and ranges of added than 50 afar 80 km from a applied accepted gun system."13
If it were accessible to administer the technology as a accelerated automated weapon, a railgun would accept added advantages of added amount of fire. The augment mechanisms of a accepted firearm accept to move to board the propellant allegation as able-bodied as the armament round, while a railgun would alone charge to board the projectile. Furthermore, a railgun would not accept to abstract a spent armament case from the breech, acceptation that a beginning annular could be cycled about anon afterwards the antecedent annular has been shot.
edit Tests
Diagram assuming the array of a beeline motor cannon
Full-scale models accept been congenital and fired, including a actual acknowledged 90 mm bore, 9 MJ active activity gun developed by the US DARPA. Abuse and insulator abrasion problems still charge to be apparent afore railguns can alpha to alter accepted weapons. Probably the oldest consistently acknowledged arrangement was congenital by the UK's Defence Research Agency at Dundrennan Ambit in Kirkcudbright, Scotland. This arrangement has now been operational for over 10 years at an associated flight ambit for internal, intermediate, alien and terminal ballistics, and accomplished several accumulation and acceleration records.citation needed
The Yugoslavian MTI (MTI - Aggressive - technology institute) developed, aural a activity called EDO-0, a abuse gun with 7 kJ active energy, in 1985. In 1987 a almsman was created, activity EDO-1, that acclimated projectile with a accumulation of 0.7 kg and accomplished speeds of 3,000 m/s, and with a accumulation of 1.1 kg accomplished speeds of 2,400 m/s. It acclimated a clue breadth of 0.7 m. According to those alive on it, with added modifications it was able to accomplish a acceleration of 4,500 m/s. The aim was to accomplish projectile acceleration of 7,000 m/s. At the time, it was advised a aggressive secret.citation needed
The United States aggressive is allotment railgun experiments. At the University of Texas at Austin Center for Electromechanics, aggressive railguns able of carrying tungsten armor acute bullets with active energies of nine megajoules accept been developed.14 9 MJ is abundant activity to bear 2 kg of projectile at 3 km/s–at that acceleration a rod of tungsten or addition close metal could calmly access a tank, and potentially canyon through it.
The United States Argosy Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division approved an 8 MJ abuse gun battlefront 3.2 kg projectiles in October 2006 as a ancestor of a 64 MJ weapon to be deployed aboard Navy warships. The capital botheration the U.S. Navy has had with implementing a railgun cannon arrangement is that the accoutrements abrasion out due to the immense calefaction produced by firing. Such weapons are accepted to be able abundant to do a little added accident than a BGM-109 Tomahawk missile at a atom of the projectile cost.15 Since then, BAE Systems has delivered a 32 MJ ancestor to the U.S. Navy.16
On January 31, 2008 the US Navy activated a railgun that accursed a carapace at 10.64 MJ with a cage acceleration of 2,520 m/s.17 Its accepted achievement is a cage acceleration over 5,800 m/s, authentic abundant to hit a 5 beat ambition over 200 nmi (370 km) abroad while battlefront at 10 shots per minute. The ability was provided by a new 9-megajoule (MJ) ancestor capacitor coffer application solid-state switches and high-energy-density capacitors delivered in 2007 and an earlier 32-MJ beating ability arrangement from the US Army’s Green Farm Electric Gun Research and Development Facility developed in the backward 1980s that was ahead refurbished by General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems (EMS) Division.18 It is accepted to be accessible amid 2020 to 2025.19
The a lot of contempo analysis of a railgun took abode on December 10, 2010, by the US Navy at the Argosy Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division.20 During the test, the Office of Argosy Research set a apple almanac by administering a 33 MJ attempt from the railgun, which was congenital by BAE Systems.2122
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